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Rare refractory metal hafnium
Release time:
2022-07-07 14:30
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Hafnium, atomic number 72, atomic weight 178.49, the element name comes from the Latin name of Copenhagen. In 1923, Swedish chemist hevisi and Dutch physicist Coster found hafnium in zircons produced in Norway and Greenland. In 1925, they obtained pure hafnium salt by fractional crystallization of fluorine-containing complex salt, and reduced it with metal sodium to obtain pure metal hafnium. The content of hafnium in the earth's crust is 0.00045%, which is often associated with zirconium in nature. There are six natural stable isotopes: hafnium 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180.
Hafnium is a silver gray shiny metal, with a melting point of 2227 ° C, a boiling point of 4602 ° C, and a density of 13.31 g / cm ³； Hafnium has high neutron capture ability.
Hafnium and zirconium have similar chemical properties, both of which have good corrosion resistance and are not subject to general acid-base corrosion; Soluble in hydrofluoric acid; It can be directly combined with oxygen, nitrogen and other gases at high temperature.
Metal hafnium has moderate strength, dense metal hafnium is inactive, and an oxide coating is formed on the surface, which is very stable at room temperature, and powdered hafnium is easy to spontaneously ignite in the air. Hafnium has a strong ability to absorb hydrogen and can form hfh2.1 at most. At high temperature, hafnium can react with nitrogen. Due to the influence of lanthanide shrinkage, the atomic radius of hafnium is almost equal to that of zirconium, so the properties of hafnium and zirconium are very similar, and it is difficult to separate. Hafnium does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid and strong alkali solutions, but is soluble in hydrofluoric acid and aqua regia. The oxidation state of hafnium is + 2, + 3, + 4, among which + 4 valence compound is the most stable.
Solvent extraction can be used to separate hafnium from zirconium compounds. Then, hafnium tetrachloride is reduced with metal magnesium to obtain metal hafnium, and then high-purity metal is obtained by iodide thermal decomposition method. Hafnium has strong neutron absorption ability, good corrosion resistance and high strength, and is used as a control rod in nuclear reactors; Hafnium can be used as cathode material of X-ray tube and additive material of cemented carbide; Hafnium can form many kinds of alloys and can also be used as the surface coating of base metals.
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